Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Behavioral and Histopathological Changes in the Rat Model of Parkinson Disease

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Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is caused by central nervous system destruction (Badban et al., 2015; Dauer & Przedborski, 2003). PD results from the destruction or malfunction of dopaminergic secretory neurons in the substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain. The loss of dopamine-secreting cells in the corpus luteum depends on several factors (Safari et al., 2016). Symptoms of Parkinson disease appear when at least 80% of dopaminergic neurons are destroyed (Braak et al., 2004). The goal of treatment should be to protect the remaining neurons or to replace the damaged neurons with stem cells (Hald et al., 2007). There are several treatments for Parkinson disease that are used to relieve symptoms. The most commonly used drug is levodopa. In the early stages of the disease, this drug improves symptoms, but it gradually causes memory, learning, and sleep disorders (Cools et al., 2003). Studies have shown that the use of antioxidants such as propolis to protect neurons and the use of stem cells to replace damaged cells is helpful (Dantuma et al., 2010; Pellegrini et al., 2003).

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-2;3;4;6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is widely used to create an animal model of Parkinson disease. Intranasal injection of this toxin effectively and selectively destroys the dopaminergic neurons (Prediger et al., 2006). Propolis is a waxy substance and a bee product, it has strong antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, and antioxidant properties, and the most important of its active antioxidant is caffeic acid phenethyl ester. CAPE inhibits lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase activities (Sud’Ina et al., 1993). Stem cell use is a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells have advantages over other stem cells because of their high proliferative power (Jadidi et al., 2016), easy preparation, no moral problems, and no transplant rejection (Jäger et al., 2010). Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into all types of cells, including blood, nervous, and cartilage cells (Glavaski-Joksimovic & Bohn, 2013). Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) transplanted into the adult brain exhibit characteristics of microglia, astrocytes, and neuronal-like cells (Li et al., 2001). The purpose of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effect of CAPE as pre-treatment and co-treatment with BMSCs on a dopaminergic neuron in the midbrain in a rat model of Parkinson disease.

Keywords: Parkinson disease, MPTP, Antioxidant, Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, TUNNEL staining

This article has been published in  Basic and Clinical Neuroscience magazine

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